Stroke, also known as a brain attack, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted or significantly reduced. As a result, brain cells do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, leading to rapid cell damage or death.
Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-term disability and mortality worldwide. Early recognition and timely medical intervention are critical for improving outcomes.
Definition of Stroke
A stroke is defined as an acute neurological condition caused by either blockage or rupture of blood vessels supplying the brain. The lack of blood supply results in impaired brain function, affecting movement, speech, vision, or cognition.
Types of Stroke
1. Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke is the most common type and occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery supplying the brain. This blockage prevents oxygen-rich blood from reaching brain tissue.
2. Hemorrhagic Stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding within or around brain tissue. This bleeding increases pressure on brain cells and causes damage.
3. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
TIA, often called a mini-stroke, is caused by a temporary reduction in blood flow. Although symptoms resolve within a short time, TIA is a serious warning sign of a future stroke.
Causes and Risk Factors
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Diabetes mellitus
- High cholesterol levels
- Smoking and tobacco use
- Heart diseases, including atrial fibrillation
- Obesity and physical inactivity
- Advanced age and family history
Signs and Symptoms of Stroke
Stroke symptoms often appear suddenly and require immediate medical attention.
- Sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm, or leg
- Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
- Sudden vision problems in one or both eyes
- Loss of balance or coordination
- Severe headache with no known cause
Stroke and Paralysis
Stroke is one of the most common causes of paralysis. Damage to specific areas of the brain may result in weakness or complete loss of movement on one side of the body, a condition known as hemiplegia.
Diagnosis of Stroke
Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and imaging studies to determine the type and severity of stroke.
- CT scan of the brain
- MRI brain imaging
- Blood tests
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Ultrasound or angiography
ICD-10 Classification
- Ischemic stroke – I63
- Hemorrhagic stroke – I60–I62
- Stroke not specified – I64
Treatment Overview
Stroke treatment depends on the type, location, and severity of brain injury. The primary goals are to restore blood flow, prevent complications, and support neurological recovery.
Rehabilitation therapies such as physiotherapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy play a key role in long-term recovery.
Prevention of Stroke
Many strokes are preventable through lifestyle modification and management of risk factors.
- Controlling blood pressure and blood sugar
- Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels
- Regular physical activity
- Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol
- Following a balanced and nutritious diet
Prognosis and Recovery
Recovery after stroke varies depending on the extent of brain damage and the timeliness of treatment. Early rehabilitation improves functional outcomes and quality of life for many patients.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Is stroke a medical emergency?
Yes. Stroke is a medical emergency that requires immediate hospital care to reduce brain damage and improve survival.
Can stroke be prevented?
Many strokes can be prevented by managing risk factors and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Disclaimer: This content is intended for educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.