Dermatology – त्वचा रोग विज्ञान (Complete MBBS/MD Level Guide)
Overview (परिचय)
Dermatology is the branch of medicine focused on diseases of the skin, hair, and nails. Dermatologists treat more than 3000+ skin conditions ranging from acne to skin cancer.
For quick disease pages on your site: Acne Eczema • Psoriasis • Vitiligo • Fungal Infections
Clinical disclaimer: This article is educational. For diagnosis/medicine, consult a certified dermatologist.
Table of Contents
Branches of Dermatology – शाखाएँ
- Medical Dermatology: Non-surgical management of diseases like acne, eczema, psoriasis.
- Surgical Dermatology: Excision/biopsy, cryotherapy, electrosurgery, skin cancer surgery, nail surgery.
- Cosmetic Dermatology: Chemical peels, botulinum toxin, fillers, lasers. See Cosmetic Hub.
- Pediatric Dermatology: Atopic dermatitis, hemangiomas, impetigo. See Pediatric Derm.
- Dermatopathology: Microscopic diagnosis; reference: NIH resources.
Skin Anatomy & Physiology – त्वचा की संरचना
The skin (~1.5–2 m²) has three main layers: epidermis (barrier; keratinocytes, melanocytes), dermis (collagen/elastin, vessels, nerves), and hypodermis (fat). Detailed basics: Human skin.
Epidermis
- Strata (basale → corneum); melanogenesis regulates pigmentation. See melanocyte.
- Barrier function measured by TEWL (transepidermal water loss).
Dermis & Appendages
- Hair follicles, sebaceous & sweat glands; proprioception & thermoregulation.
- Collagen I/III; wound healing phases. Quick review: StatPearls: Physiology, Skin.
Common Skin Diseases – सामान्य त्वचा रोग
| Disease | Hindi | Key Symptoms | Typical Causes/Risk | Learn More |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acne Vulgaris | मुंहासे | Papules, pustules, comedones, oily skin | Androgens, genetics, occlusion, cosmetics | Internal: Acne Guide • AAD Acne |
| Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) | एक्जिमा | Pruritic, dry, erythematous patches, lichenification | Filaggrin mutation, atopy, irritants | Internal: Eczema • Mayo Clinic |
| Psoriasis | सोरायसिस | Well-demarcated plaques with silvery scale | Autoimmune; HLA-Cw6; Koebner phenomenon | Internal: Psoriasis • NHS |
| Vitiligo | सफेद दाग | Depigmented macules/patches | Autoimmune; thyroid disease association | Internal: Vitiligo • NIAMS |
| Dermatophytosis (Tinea) | दाद | Annular, scaly plaques with active border | Moisture, occlusive clothing, contact | Internal: Fungal • CDC |
| Urticaria | पित्ती | Transient wheals, itching | Allergens, infections, NSAIDs, idiopathic | Internal: Urticaria • StatPearls |
| Alopecia Areata | अचानक बाल झड़ना | Non-scarring patches of hair loss | Autoimmune, nail pitting | Internal: Alopecia • NIAMS |
| Skin Cancer | त्वचा कैंसर | Changing moles, non-healing ulcers | UV exposure, fair skin, immunosuppression | Internal: Skin Cancer • NCI |
More conditions: Skin Diseases Label • External index: Wikipedia list
Diagnosis & Pathology Tests – जांच
Clinical & Bedside
- Dermoscopy: Non-invasive exam of pigmented lesions. Dermoscopy Atlas
- Wood’s lamp: Porphyrins (acne), erythrasma, tinea capitis.
- Patch testing: Allergic contact dermatitis. Mayo Clinic
- ABCDE for melanoma: American Cancer Society
Laboratory & Pathology
- Skin biopsy: Punch/shave/excision for H&E. See StatPearls: Skin Biopsy
- KOH mount: Dermatophytes, Candida.
- Culture/PCR: Bacterial, viral (HSV PCR).
- Autoimmune panel: ANA, anti-desmoglein (pemphigus). NIAMS
Treatment & Medicines – उपचार और दवाएँ
Prescription caution: Doses/agents below are standard teaching references. Always individualize by age, comorbidities, pregnancy, interactions. Cross-check on Medscape or Drugs.com.
Acne (मुंहासे)
- Topicals: Benzoyl peroxide 2.5–5%; Adapalene 0.1% nightly; Clindamycin 1% gel (combine with BPO to reduce resistance). Internal article: AAD
- Hormonal: Combined OCPs; Spironolactone 50–100 mg/day in females (monitor K+).
- Isotretinoin (severe nodulocystic): 0.5–1 mg/kg/day, total cumulative 120–150 mg/kg; strict pregnancy prevention; LFT & lipids monitoring. StatPearls
Eczema / Atopic Dermatitis
- Basic care: Thick emollients (ceramide petrolatum) BID–QID; lukewarm baths; fragrance-free products. Internal: Eczema
- Topical steroids: Hydrocortisone 1% (face); Mometasone 0.1% (body) short courses.
- Steroid-sparing: Tacrolimus 0.03–0.1% ointment; Pimecrolimus 1% cream.
- Systemic/biologics (refractory): Dupilumab as per label; short oral steroids only for flares. Guide: Mayo
Psoriasis
- Topicals: Calcipotriol; Betamethasone/calcipotriol combos.
- Phototherapy: Narrowband UVB 2–3×/week.
- Systemic: Methotrexate (test LFTs; weekly 7.5–25 mg; folic acid supplementation); Cyclosporine; Biologics (TNF-α, IL-17/23). Internal: Psoriasis • Reference: NHS
Vitiligo
- Topical steroids (mid-potency) short courses; Tacrolimus for face/flexures.
- Phototherapy: NBUVB; targeted excimer.
- Adjuncts: Camouflage cosmetics; counseling. Internal: Vitiligo • NIAMS
Fungal Infections (दाद/टिनिया)
- Topical azoles (clotrimazole 1% BID) 2–4 weeks; Keep area dry. Internal: Fungal
- Oral (extensive): Terbinafine 250 mg OD 2–4 weeks (tinea corporis/cruris); check LFTs if prolonged. Reference: CDC
Urticaria
- Second-gen antihistamines (Cetirizine 10 mg OD; can uptitrate). Avoid NSAIDs/triggers. Internal: Urticaria
- Chronic spontaneous: consider Omalizumab as per specialist.
Skin Cancer
- Excision/Mohs for BCC/SCC; Sentinel node for melanoma as indicated.
- Immunotherapy/targeted agents for advanced melanoma (oncology). Internal: Skin Cancer Hub • NCI
Diet & Nutrition – खाने से जुड़े सुझाव
Foods to Avoid (बचें)
Recommended (खाएँ)
- Low-GI whole grains; colorful fruits/veggies (vit C, polyphenols).
- Omega-3: fish, flaxseed, walnuts → anti-inflammatory.
- Water: 30–35 ml/kg/day target (adjust clinically).
- Probiotics/yogurt (individual tolerance) for atopic tendency. See: NIAMS AD
Nutrition deep-dive on your site: Skin-Nutrition • Nutrition Label
Prevention & Daily Care – रोकथाम
- Use broad-spectrum SPF 30+; reapply q2h outdoors. AAD Sun Safety
- Non-comedogenic, fragrance-free skincare; patch-test new products.
- Hygiene: gentle cleansers; avoid over-washing barrier.
- Protective clothing, hats, UPF fabrics; avoid midday UV (10am–4pm).
- Do not pick acne; avoid sharing razors/towels.
Latest Research & Advances – नवीन शोध
Key trends:
- Biologics & small molecules for psoriasis/atopic dermatitis (IL-4/13, IL-17/23, JAK inhibitors). Overview: PubMed Central
- AI-assisted dermoscopy and melanoma triage—decision support tools.
- Photomedicine (excimer, daylight PDT) for vitiligo/AKs.
- Nanocarriers improving topical drug delivery.
Your Research Hub: Dermatology Research
FAQs – अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न
Which cleanser is best for oily/acne-prone skin?
— Use gentle foaming, pH-balanced cleansers; avoid harsh scrubs. See Acne Care.
How often to moisturize in eczema?
— At least 2–4× daily with thick emollients; immediately post-bath. Eczema Routine
Is every changing mole cancer?
— No, but ABCDE features need evaluation. Book a check with a dermatologist. Learn: Skin Cancer Signs • ACS
Continue Learning on Mahfooz Medical Health
All Dermatology Posts Skin-Care Routines Derm Drug Doses Patient Education Sheets